Self and Community Exploring the Anatomy of the Modern Society

Question: Examine about theSelf and Communityfor Exploring the Anatomy of the Modern Society. Answer: Singular Dignity Affected by the Hospital Services The current examination study is an Op-Ed that is an Opinion Editorial report. This examination chiefly centers around investigating the rule of the human poise and regular great guideline of the nursing calling. In this specific investigation, the standards identified with the pride of human and the benefit of all has been referenced and talked about for giving a superior information on the issue study that follows. Alongside these standards of human pride and the benefit of all, the investigation additionally makes reference to about the act of the deontological point of view rather than the utilitarian viewpoint with the end goal of the nursing practice. The Principle of Human Dignity: The pride of the individual has been demanded by the Catholic Church as the nobility of any person is established and is kept to their own making of the picture or affection or accepts or similarity of god. As referenced by Schachter (2013), the establishment of the all the social lessons of the Catholic Church is the conviction of the person in the intrinsic nobility. The guideline of the human nobility includes its grounds inside the conviction and the possibility that every single individual is made inside the picture of god. The Principle of Common Good: The manners in which how a general public of human is sorted out according to the monetarily, legitimately and politically is proportioned straightforwardly to influences the human poise inside the network. There is a measurement for the responsibility of any person for adoring their neighbor be that as it may, it requires a more extensive duty of society. It suggests that each individual ha their own duty towards the entire society for the benefit of all (Donnelly 2013). Human Dignity Effected: In the current examination study, the picked calling is the calling of Doctor and the administrations of the medical clinic. This examination shows the ways how the specialists and the emergency clinic administrations treat the patients respect and security. High standard of code of expert direct is the fundamental necessity of a decent specialist understanding relationship. This expects of the specialist and the patient both to be obliging, legitimate to one another and sympathetic. The specialist requires regarding every one of the patients as individual and unveiling one patients security and classified issues to other people. As referenced by Banerjee and Sanyal (2012), the specialist needs to follow the ensuring the patients security and secrecy and unveil it just when it is requested by the contemplations of the open interests. The patients under any specialist or any medical clinic reserve the option to expect that their data in regards to the hereditary qualities and other no n unveiling informations to be held with the gathering with most extreme security and classification. The issues emerge in these situations when the protection with respect to the patients isn't kept up by the specialists or the emergency clinic administrations. On account of the emergency clinic benefits an issues have been raised by Broom et al. (2014) that absence of security in the clinics have developed as one of the focal variables that have been driving towards the loss of respect of the patients at emergency clinics. Models: For instance for the emergency clinic administrations not keeping up the best possible security and protection administrations and the nobility of the patient could be taken of NHS Hospital of England. This emergency clinic of England doesn't give its patients and the patients party with the mindful condition that would bolster the patient protection and the secrecy. The patients of the medical clinic have been found to detest the emergency clinic staffs and the wards that don't permit security. The little spaces between the beds and the nearness have prompts the loss of poise of the patients (Lloyd et al. 2014). The subsequent model could be taken of the Florence Nightingale Hospital of UK. The wards of this emergency clinic are the conventional sorts of wards that comprise of one long bed with beds on the both of the sides of the wards. Such sort of wards in the advanced are a substance of low poise for the patients that would not furnish them with enough security a classified space and lead to loss of pride of the patients (Donnelly 2013). End: The medical clinics as such require making strides for the keeping up of the emergency clinic benefits well for the insurance of the clients protection and poise. The clinics should likewise advance the keeping up of the protection and the private articulations and informations of the patients. This would help in the structure up and the keeping up of the patients nobility in the emergency clinic (Lloyd et al. 2014). References: Banerjee, A. what's more, Sanyal, D., 2012. Elements of specialist quiet relationship: A cross-sectional examination on concordance, trust, and patient enablement.Journal of Family and Community Medicine,19(1), p.12. Brush, A., Kirby, E., Good, P., Wootton, J., Yates, P. furthermore, Hardy, J., 2014. Arranging Futility, Managing Emotions Nursing the Transition to Palliative Care.Qualitative wellbeing research, p.1049732314553123. Donnelly, J., 2013.Universal human rights in principle and practice. Cornell University Press. Lloyd, L., Calnan, M., Cameron, A., Seymour, J. furthermore, Smith, R., 2014. Personality in the fourth age: persistence, adjustment and keeping up dig1nity.Ageing and Society,34(01), pp.1-19. Schachter, O., 2013. Human poise as a regularizing concept.The American Journal of International Law,77(4), pp.848-854.

How Creative Limitations Help You Do Better Work

How Creative Limitations Help You Do Better Work Going in for the innovative slaughter is simpler on the off chance that you have limits. (See #2 underneath) This is the narrative of innovative restrictions and a MM container. I was a K-12 craftsmanship instructor at a government funded school, and it was the year's end. The center school understudies werent keen on doing a lot other than plan for summer excursion. I had a cabinet loaded with incompletely utilized workmanship supplies, bunches of pieces of materials and things from the years craftsmanship ventures, and anxious children on my hands. Id wrapped up my exercise designs, and had seven days left before school was finished. We will do an activity in restriction, I said. I had a table in the focal point of the study hall heaped with bits of paper, popsicle sticks, string, plastic, tangle board, stick, paints, material, and a mess of things. Id fundamentally cleared out the organizer and discovered a significant assortment of apparently futile trash. Your last venture will be made out of exactly what you see here. Nothing else. I gave them the points of interest: they needed to make something that could cause commotion, to incorporate development or some likeness thereof, and had great structure qualitites (this was a craftsmanship class, all things considered). On the last day of class, they would show their machine. It didnt matter how they moved toward this venture; I had no impediments on size or unpredictability or even straightforwardness. The main guideline was that they needed to make it here, in the study hall, with only what was on that table, and they couldn't utilize in excess of five kinds of things. They couldn't get anything from home or outside the study hall. There were moans and that is inconceivable! what's more, I waved my hand and advised them to get started. And then a voice got back to out from the. Miss Neidlinger, you need to do it to. Its quite reasonable. I promptly lamented the self-assertive impediments I had made. 1. Innovative Limitations Give You More Time For content makers, the primary restriction you face with your substance is that of time. You have cutoff times, and feel the agony that originates from battling inside the limit of time. In reality, if time is such a cumbersome limit, for what reason would I propose you ought to have more limits? This is the reason: making self-assertive impediments will give you additional time. I looked as the understudies took a shot at their undertakings. We just had a couple of days, and I perceived how, when they moved beyond the ghastliness of confinement, they really worked a lot quicker than they had on different activities. There was no interruption: this was all they needed to work with, there was a particular result anticipated. Without confinements, there is an excessive amount of too look over. You sit around attempting to make sense of what to utilize and where to go. Limits give you that time back by doing that for you and letting you get down to the matter of making. Its like having a specialty blog: you put rigid limitations on what youll blog about and perhaps it isnt as much fun constantly, however you dont need to sit around idly discovering center. You recognize what youll be expounding on, you realize what to think about, you comprehend what sorts of thoughts you should concentrate on. Rather than the entire universe of thoughts to consider, you have a couple in your grasp. It is safe to say that you are inadequate in limits for your substance creation? Set up certain impediments on yourself. Article schedules, with their arrangement ahead of time, are a sort of impediment. Go considerably further. Possibly youll need to: Set up content impediments. Just compose how-to posts on Mondays, or base a post around a photograph you took for the current week. Open an irregular book, similar to George Harrison, and utilize an arbitrary expression to assemble a bit of substance on. Set up work-time impediments. Confine the measure of time you chip away at explicit tasks. Our bodies work in ultradian rhythms, and following an hour and a half of work on something very similar, we maximize on accomplishing our best work. At the point when you have confinements, you have additional time. Your innovativeness adores this.2. Inventive Limitations Give You More Freedom Viewing the understudies chip away at the task was a lot of fun as an instructor. Id previously experienced enough this is moronic critique during the time past workmanship ventures, yet this prohibitive undertaking appeared to have truly gotten them energized. Despite the fact that theyd never let it be known, it was clear they were having some good times with this undertaking had an explicitly characterized result than they did confronting a clear bit of paper with unlimited prospects. While examining craftsmanship history in school, I was significantly less inspired by incredibly current workmanship than I was in more established workmanship. At the point when all the limits and rules were expelled and anything goes was the situation, I felt that the workmanship endured. The more seasoned craftsmanship, despite everything working in the develops of even an unclear feeling of authenticity, space, shading, and so forth was considerably more fascinating. The craftsmen utilized the principles and limits and had the option toif you set aside the effort to truly dive into a work of art or sculptureachieve something very mind boggling and multi-layered. They stretched those limits as far as possible and came out with a cleaned jewel. How is it that having a limit makes you more liberated, creatively? I frequently consider it a field at the edge of a hazardous bluff. When there is a fence set up, you can unreservedly investigate the field, not contemplating tumbling off the edge. You realize that the fence will shield you from going over, and you are all the more free with that limit set up. Without the fence, you would cluster towards the center of the field, continually ensuring you didnt get excessively near the edge. You may investigate a tad, however you guard it close and. You will investigate nearer to the edge inventively and push the cutoff points on the off chance that you have a limit set up than you would in the event that you had no limits by any stretch of the imagination. Confinements and rules make you progressively imaginative, not less.3. Confinements Force You To Create Perhaps the greatest frustration Id seen that year in my specialty classes was understudies who turned in dull work when I realized they had quite a lot more capacity. The more extensive and greater and all the more all the way open the undertaking, the more frequently they appeared to leave it to the last or never truly put in an effort. When I at last gave them a prohibitive task, they bounced on it. I was incredibly intrigued with what I was seeing the understudies make. The less assets or choices you have, the more you are compelled to really be innovative. You need to concoct something that isnt the first and most clear arrangement. You must be innovative to take care of the issue; you cannot swear by lethargy or whatever is most straightforward. The most alarming day in school? At the point when it was my chance to give an extemporaneous discourse in discourse class. Greatest sentiment of fulfillment and scholarly surge in school? Same day. There is something unbelievably animating in looking down the test of a mind boggling issue, outrageous restrictions, and finding that your imaginative siphon can, in reality, be prepared vigorously. It reinforces your imaginative muscles. You learned you can do it and how to get the innovativeness streaming. Each time you do it, it isnt as hard. You figure out how to do it once more. Once youve tackled an unthinkable issue with constrained alternatives, you begin to get familiar with the procedure to get things moving once more. Its not as startling, in light of the fact that you realize you did it previously, and know how you got moving. You make a framework. Need is the mother of development. English Proverb Those infectious and charming Dr. Seuss books? They were composed with limitations. Green Eggs And Ham was composed on a wager that Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) couldnt compose a book utilizing close to 50 words. The outcome? He won the wager, obviously, and composed a great book that youngsters despite everything adoration to peruse.

Strengthen Your Friendships With Good Listening Skills

Strengthen Your Friendships With Good Listening Skills Stress Management Relationship Stress Print Strengthen Friendships With Good Listening Skills By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on December 01, 2019 Thomas Barwick / Iconica / Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Good listening skills are vital to healthy relationships. Whether youre strengthening a relationship, resolving a conflict, or offering support to a facing a crisis, good listening skills can be a lifeline to peace. Learn how to be a truly supportive listener, and you may find yourself surrounded by others who are able to do the same. Here are some important steps to developing good listening skills: Heres How Listen, Listen, Listen. Ask your friend what’s wrong, and really listen to the answer. Let them vent their fears, frustrations, and other important feelings, maintaining eye contact and showing that you’re interested in what they have to say. Resist the urge to give unsolicited advice, and just let them get it out.Reframe What You Hear. Summarize and repeat back your understanding of what they’re saying so they know you’re hearing them, and focus on the emotions they might be feeling. For example, if your friend is talking about family problems, you might find yourself saying, “It looks like things are getting pretty hostile. You sound like you’re feeling hurt.”Ask About Feelings. Ask them to expand on what they’re feeling and why. Asking about their feelings provides a good emotional release and might be more helpful than just focusing on the facts of their situation.Keep the Focus on Them. Rather than delving into a related story of your own, keep the focus on them until they feel better. You can reference something that happened to you if you bring the focus back to them quickly. They will appreciate the focused attention, and this will help them feel genuinely cared for and understood.Help Brainstorm. Rather than giving advice at the beginning, which cuts off further exploration of feelings and other communication, wait until they’ve gotten their feelings out, and then help them brainstorm solutions. If you help them come up with ideas and look at the pros and cons of each, they’re likely to come up with a solution they feel good about. Or they might feel better after just being able to talk and feel heard. Tips Stay Present. Sometimes people feign listening, but they’re really just waiting for their friend to stop talking so they can say whatever they’ve been mentally rehearsing while they’ve been pretending to listen. People can usually sense this, and it doesn’t feel good. Also, they tend to miss what’s being said because they’re not focused.Don’t Give Advice.  Ive mentioned this a few times already, but its important  because unsolicited advice can actually create stress.  It’s common to want to immediately give advice and ‘fix’ your friend’s problem. Unless its specifically requested, don’t. While you’re trying to help, what would work for you might not work for your friend; also, advice can feel condescending. Unless they ask directly for advice, your friend probably just wants to feel heard and understood, and then find his or her own solutions.Trust the Process. It might feel a little scary to listen to feelings before diving into solutions, and hearing you r friend talk about upset feelings might even make you feel helpless. But usually offering a supportive ear and sitting with your friend in an uncomfortable place is the most helpful thing you can do, and once the feelings are cleared out, the solutions can start coming.Let Things Even out Over Time. With all this focus on your friend’s problems, it might be difficult not to focus equal time on your own. Relax in the knowledge that, when you need a friend, your friend will likely be a better listener for you. If you’re consistently doing all the giving, you can re-evaluate the dynamics of the relationship. But being a good listener can make you a stronger, more caring person and bring a more supportive angle to your relationships.

The Acknowledgement Of Group Conformity - 1699 Words

The acknowledgment of group conformity dates back at least to the 17th century all the way to the present, including psychologists who conducted series of social psychology experiments such as the Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, Solomon Asch, Phillip Zimbardo, James A. F. Stoner and many more. It is important to have an understanding of group dynamics and how they can hinder the ability and willingness of a group to think critically of itself, to look outside itself for help, and to act in ways that might compromise the equilibrium or status-quo. Solomon Ash, Phillip Zimbardo, James stoner and Stanley Milgram studies show how shows how group identification and pressure can override realistic assessment of different courses of thought and action; leading to conformity. The Asch experiment was conformity test conducted by Solomon Asch that showed how individuals were affected by a majority and the effect of such influences on beliefs and opinions. Thus experiment predict that in a group situation, on average, about one third, at least 32% of the individuals will conform completely, 40% will conform part of the time, and 25% of a group will act totally independently from the rest of the group. Thanks to this study sociologists can evaluate the likelihood for individuals to conform. Often, Conformity occur through the need to fit into society and to do so individuals try to agree with what the majority say. For example, if the majority of students from an advancedShow MoreRelatedConformity and Individuality Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesConformity Speech I strongly believe that individuality should be valued over conformity. Today I will tell you how precious and rare individuality is, and why we should value it over conformity. As human beings, our lives are circled around a thin line that separates conformity and individuality. There are countless times when we are confused about whether our choice was made by others, or yourself. 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Forms of Cyberbullying - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 818 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Bullying Essay Cyber Bullying Essay Did you like this example? The typical cell phone today has a variety of convenient options for people to access on-the-go, including internet access. According to uswitch.com, â€Å"Motorola, on April 3rd, 1973, were the first company to mass produce the first handheld mobile phone (uswitch.com).† Over the years, it has become more of a habit to send messages to another person’s phone or through social media, to communicate with them instead of calling directly using their phone number. Many people would argue that sending a quick message is easier and quicker than to call someone on the phone. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Forms of Cyberbullying" essay for you Create order I can see their point of view in this instance, but beings that I am a mother of 3 children, I also think about the risks that kids run into being able to access the World Wide Web so easily. The Dictionary reads, â€Å"Cyberbullying is the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature (Dictionary).† Understanding the risks of Cyberbullying is just as important as understanding how to handle it if you become a victim or if you know of someone being a victim of this horrible crime. There are different forms of cyberbullying which includes sending messages to a person’s cell phone, posting entries on Twitter for anyone to see, sending private messages through Facebook, etc. Some victims are bullied by people that aren’t a part of their lives and others will sadly be bullied by ones they do know. It seems as if targeting people on their personal Facebook and Twitter pages are the easiest and most chosen choice by the bullies, in my own opinion. It appears, bullies believe saying cruel and hurtful words to people behind a computer is doing no harm. The reality of it, it’s against the law and at times, it can be even more traumatizing then if the victim was physically assaulted. In the state of Oregon, â€Å"telephonic harassment is a Class B misdemeanor. This offense could accrue a fine of up to $2,500, up to six months in jail, or both. If the bully charged has been involved in distributing sexual or nude images of someone underage, these cr imes are classified as Class A misdemeanors. The consequences include a fine of up to $6,250, up to a year in jail, or both. (Romano Law).† This level of punishment seems so minuscule to me, considering these victims lives may have been destroyed by all the embarrassment they endured by their cyberbully. Adults and children who are cyberbullied become highly depressed due to their tormenting treatment. They develop the feeling of severe emotional pain, sadness and disgusted with themselves that they feel they have no other way out, so they take their own lives. Children as young as 6 years old are committing suicide due to being cyberbullied. I am not sure if these children are quite understanding the consequences of hanging themselves. I believe, they have it in their mind that living is too painful for them to continue any longer and search for the means to stop the pain they are feeling every day. In the times that I have heard of another child taking their lives, I always wonder what went wrong to where they never got the help that they needed. Is it possible that maybe the child didn’t tell anyone, therefore, there wasn’t anyone to help them before they got to the point of not wanting to live? Did the people in their lives take the proper actions to help these victims and protect them from their abusers? Parents and school teachers need to be aware of the signs in our children today, such as: body language, sudden change in behavior, and listen to how others are talking to each other. People need to make it aware that cyberbullying is NOT acceptable for anyone, at any place or time. We as society need to understand the severity of the damage it is causing for the victims and their families. There is no excuse for it. Cyberbullies need to be accounted for their actions before we lose anymore of our precious angels from such mean and horrible treatment. When the World Wide Web went live to the world in August of 1991 (Bryant), it has created a virtual world that I believe, people weren’t quite certain how it would impact peoples lives in the negative ways. The internet has provided a way for the bullies to hide behind their computers to belittle, intimidate, and harass others in the world. We must come together to protect one another, especially our children. Protect the victims and punish the bullies. Works Cited Bryant, Martin. 20 years ago today, the World Wide Web opened to the public. 6 August 2011. 8 December 2018. . Dictionary. n.d. 2018 December 2018. . Romano Law, P.C. n.d. 8 December 2018. . statista. August 2018. 8 December 2018. . uswitch.com. History of mobile phones and the first mobile phone. 6 April 2018. 8 December 2018. .

Heard Curious Facts About The Amount Of Time Free Essays

Most of us have often heard curious facts about the amount of time we devote to certain activities. For example, one can be amazed by the realization that we spend more than one third of our life in sleep. But not less importantly, when speaking about our conscious part of life we have to admit that more than a half of it is occupied by work. We will write a custom essay sample on Heard Curious Facts About The Amount Of Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now And while the state of sleep is usually pleasant for us, if one dislikes his or her job it is a great problem, as spending half of our life for an unpleasant activity looks like a very pessimistic perspective. Moreover, some researchers even suggest that it is the very nature of human beings that makes us dislike work as such, and that we carry our professional and personal chores only out of the bare necessity to survive rather than because we enjoy it. However, I believe that this view is somewhat simplistic, and that it is possible for a person to really enjoy his or her job, and with the help of the personal association with what one is doing to turn the necessary work into a perfectly meaningful activity. Let me try to define what I mean by this, and how I define the notion of meaningful work. First of all, it seems safe to suppose that without the internal motivation based on our system of psychological rewards human beings in any time during the history would hardly commence any kind of activity that would lead beyond the satisfaction of the most basis needs, such as the need for food and shelter that even animals can fully satisfy with their level of intelligence. Thus, there is something in the human psychology that seems to drive us to the achievement of something excessive in relation to the minimal possible goal. In the context of our discussion, this psychological factor means that there is something in the process of work of almost any kind that can incite the person carrying it to strive for its completion for the sake of the completion. And on my personal example I can testify that the visible end result of the work can trigger mechanisms of psychological reward, which for some people, including me, can in the future serve as powerful additional motivators (Bryner 2007). On ground of this, as one of the definitions of meaningful work may serve the establishment of the link between a person`s understanding that work can actually offer psychological rewards that are safe in contrast to those offered for instance by alcohol or drug abuse, and the chosen strategy of behaviour in which that person aims to include work in her or his life as a necessary and worthwhile activity that satisfies something more than the mere need for money. That the above mentioned approach to the definition of meaningful work is indeed a possible life strategy is testified by the example of what is known as workaholism, a psychological dependency on one`s professional activity as on the only or the most significant source of self-satisfaction. This phenomenon demonstrates that the psychological rewards produced by work can be so strong that they may essentially overtake a person with the force similar to a drug seeking behavior (Killinger 2004, pp.3-17). While this may be quite problematic for an individual, it can help us strengthen our definition of meaningful work in such a way as to in addition to the already mentioned understanding of psychological rewards associated with work to include in it the clause that meaningful work is also characterized by person`s ability to imagine life without it and still retain the sense of one`s being. In this light, a truly meaningful work may be defined as an inherently voluntary activity based on the assumption that one`s occupation is neither based on the unavoidable compulsion, nor is the only meaning of life, but rather represents the possibility for a harmonious personal development and offers benefits for one`s emotional and even spiritual life. With all this said, I think we can conclude that the idea that the human unwillingness to work is our inherent quality is true only in a limited context, while from the general point of view work we are involved in influences almost every aspect of our life, and therefore is an integral part of our being. Sources Bryner, Jeanna. â€Å"Subliminal Rewards Trigger Harder Work, Research Shows†. LiveScience.com, 2007. Visited April 16, 2007 at http://www.livescience.com/ Killinger, Barbara. Workaholics: the Respectable Addicts. Key Porter Books Ltd, 2004. How to cite Heard Curious Facts About The Amount Of Time, Essay examples

HR Challenges in Multinational Environment

Question: Write about the HR Challenges in Multinational Environment. Answer: In the modern bussines environment, technological improvement, trade liberalization and others have encouraged organization to expand internationally in terms of products and services offering to the society. This means the companies have established borders operations and therefore HR needs to deal with challenges of operating in culturally diverse and geographically diverse environment (Cappelli Keller, 2014). Unlike in the previous decades, international corporations are faced with myriads of opportunity and challenge when dealing with global workforces with divergence, education, and gender and multicultural. Challenges Faced HR Compliance with International Laws According to Vance and Paik (2015), when organizations expand their operations and enter into the global marketplace, there are laws and regulations on how to hire culturally diverse workforce. According to Cappelli and Keller (2014) there are countries where the management must hire from culturally diverse and geographic backgrounds, comply with new labor laws, and take into considerations tax liabilities. For instance, a company setting business in Europe, Africa and Asia must comply with laws requiring it to pay value added tax. In the U.S., hiring non-naturalized might require them to have work visas, and report economic issues to the federal government. To overcome the challenges, HRs planning need to understand legal nuances in all the regions in operations and ensure workers treatment is in legal. Cultural Diversity Cultural Diversity is a salient issue in the context of international business environment for HR. It is a challenge to have understanding of the environment and ensuring cultural diversity (Barak, 2016). As such, working with workers from different geographical locations from varying culture requires many forms of communication and understanding the underlying social practices that HR is not familiar. For instance, when the management hires workers from Britain they might have different ideas on how to use technology, manage operations, and other activities based on their experiences in their region. Being able to accept different cultural environment and work styles is the hallmark of cultural diversity (Cascio Boudreau, 2016). Benefits and Compensation Employee remunerations and compensation form the backbone HR strategy in the organization. In the context of the international environment, these issues are essential, and HR should focus on balancing of employees. According to Cascio and Boudreau (2016), the reason for this is because it helps provide the workers with work initiatives aimed at improving both professional and personal lives. Barak, (2016) explains that these issues are part of international HR strategy because these multinational organizations need to consider benefits such as flexible working timelines, extended holidays, paternity leave, and on-site childcare. Therefore, HR must conduct the initiatives and programs in the context of policy framework and agreement of the region and country and socially accepted practices. Training and Development Related to the idea of remuneration in global HR includes professional and training development initiatives and programs. The issues of training initiatives by HR entails some activities such as meetings and in-house seminars that are designed to provide employees with job-related knowledge and relevant skills essential in doing the business globally (Sparrow, Brewster Chung 2016). For example, non-English speaking countries would have challenges, the management must initiate English lessons, and classes to help them communicate with others and this require time and resource to achieve it. Professional development also includes extra training provided by HR to its workforces such as taking them for networking conferences, seminars, and skill-based programs. These activities are essential for employees to sharpen the skills in the international marketing and business. Evaluations Mechanism International HR management is faced with challenges of designing means to evaluate the skills across the cultural divergent workforce (Cappelli Keller, 2014). For example, HR faces challenges of implementing a customizable method of evaluation based on competency, cultural diversity, and level of skill. Further, there is a need for HR to understand the styles of managing and integrating the multicultural workplace environment to avoid the instances of hostile cultural and social aspects that might lead to cost overruns and slowdown in the launching of products and offering the services (Sparrow, Brewster Chung 2016). Therefore, HR should have a detailed understanding of the international environments, and the socially accepted business conducts. In such a scenario, the solution is establishing protocols that are customizable for all the regions and communicate them to all the workers. Conclusion In conclusion, HR faces many problems when operating in the international environment. These include educating local level managers, taking advantage of the culturally diverse environment, remuneration, compliance with the law, training, and development. The HR need to employ strategies to mitigate possible friction in the organization. Therefore to contain these challenges, there is need to develop practices with the objective of achieving collaboration in the culturally diverse environment and communicating the policies and values in countries with many ethnic groups to bring success. Bibliography Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Cappelli, P. and Keller, J.R., 2014. Talent management: Conceptual approaches and practical challenges.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,1(1), pp.305-331. Cascio, W.F. and Boudreau, J.W., 2016. The search for global competence: From international HR to talent management.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.103-114. Espinoza, C. and Ukleja, M., 2016.Managing the Millennials: Discover the core competencies for managing today's workforce. John Wiley Sons. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C. and Chung, C., 2016.Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Vance, C.M. and Paik, Y., 2015.Managing a global workforce. Routledge.

Kentucky Fried Chicken

Introduction Background information Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a fast food firm which was established in 1952 by Cornel Harland Sanders. The firm has its headquarters in Kentucky. Over the years it has been in operation, KFC has been very successful. One of the factors contributing to its success is its effectiveness in implementing expansion strategies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Kentucky Fried Chicken specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, apart from conducting domestic investments, it has also ventured into the international market through incorporation of internationalization strategy. In addition, the firm has integrated the concept of franchising. As a result, KFC has established a chain of 16,200 outlets in 100 countries in which it operates (Hoovers Incorporation para. 1). Of these franchises, 5,100 are located in the United States. This has enhanced its ability to achieve its profit max imization objective. Its success is also associated with the management team’s effectiveness in implementing good organizational values which directs all the firm’s operations. For example, the management team respects and rewards all the contributions by its employees. In its operation, KFC ensures that it offers its customers high quality products. This is evident in its philosophy statement which is represented in its CHAMPS program. CHAMP is an acronym for the values held by the firm which include Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, and Maintenance of facilities, Product quality and Speed in service delivery. The program has enabled the management team to integrate the concept of customer focus amongst the employees. Aim This report illustrates an internal analysis of KFC by considering the business and corporate level strategies. KFC’s SWOT Analysis The table below illustrates the firm’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths The firm has developed strong brand equity as a result of offering quality products and services to the consumer. The firm has attained economies of scale in its operation. Expansion in the foreign market has enhanced cash flow hence its financial stability. Establishment of a strong and efficient interactive marketing has enabled the firm to develop customer loyalty. Its product diversification strategy has enabled the firm to be ranked as a convenient firm. Weaknesses The firm has not installed point of scale scanning system. KFC’s research and development team is not well instituted. The management team does not have employee relationship building program. KFC only focuses at high income earners Opportunities -Change in age demographics as a result of increase in individuals aged between 18-34 years. This presents a potential increment in its market. -General economic growth resulting into a rise in consumers’ disposable income. -By incorporating customer fo cus, there is a high probability of the firm increasing its customer base. -The firm can diversify its operation by targeting emerging markets such as in Asian countries. -The firm can improve its public image by updating its restaurants. Threats -Increased competition from large firms such as McDonalds and also new entrants. S The firm also faces a threat from supermarkets which are increasingly dealing with fast food products. – The fast food industry is characterized by a high rate of employee turnover. -Fluctuation in exchange rate as a result of changes in business environment may affect remission of profit by the firm’s subsidiary firms located in the international market. -Changes in consumer tastes and preferences may affect demand for the firm’s products. This is due to the fact that consumers are increasingly becoming health conscious. – Core competence Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (81) define core competence as the ability of a firm to attain a high competitive advantage compared to its rivals. Since its establishment, KFC has laid more emphasis on provision of diverse fried chicken products. This has enabled the firm to effectively position itself in the market.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the factors which have contributed towards the firm’s efficiency include its competence in delivering unique experience, offering the right chicken and ease of access of its products in the market. The resultant effect is that KFC has been widely recognized as the ‘chicken expert’. KFC Corporate Level strategy In its operation, KFC has incorporated different concentration strategies. Kazmi (150) further defines concentration strategy to include how a firm specializes in certain products or services. Kazim further asserts that firms which are successful in different industries are those that ha ve incorporated the concept of specialization. Concentration strategies mainly involve investing in a certain product line. KFC has integrated different concentration strategies. These include market penetration, market development and product development. Product development strategy This strategy involves a firm innovating new products and marketing them in the same market with the other products (Kazim 150). By introducing new products, a firm is able to attract more customers. In line with this, KFC intends to reintroduce the Rotisserie chicken. As a result, the firm will attract new customers. Market development This is where a firm introduces and sells its products to a new market. This means that the firm expands its geographical coverage. Alternatively, market development may also involve a firm offering the same products to a new market but at a different price (Slack Parent 112). KFC has integrated this strategy by introducing its present products to new markets. In addit ion, the firm also develops its market by targeting new categories of customers. Business strategy Franchising According to Burgess (119), franchising has been widely accepted as one of the most effective ways through which small and medium enterprises can grow. In addition, franchising model can be used to restructure a firm’s operations so as to be successful. According to Floyd (para. 3), increased incorporation of franchising in the fast food industry has arisen from the increment in competition. Over the years, KFC’s growth has resulted from incorporation of the concept of franchising. Through franchising, KFC has been able to penetrate into the international market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Kentucky Fried Chicken specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Wit and Meyer (916), KFC was amongst the first fast food firms to venture into the international market during 1950s through fra nchising. n 2007, the firm refocused its internationalization strategy through franchising by considering markets in China, South Africa, South Korea, Malaysia, Great Britain, Mexico, Phillipines, Indonesia and Japan ( Witt Meyer 916). Through franchising, the firm has been able to expand its operations rapidly in small countries which only have a capacity of supporting few restaurants. Product differentiation According to Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt (99), focused differentiation strategy can enable a firm to attain a high competitive advantage. Focused differentiation entails a firm’s effort to produce products and services which its target customers consider being unique (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt 99). Additionally, it is vital for a firm to incorporate all the primary and support activities in its value chain so as to be effective in its differentiation strategy. According to Smith (61); the fast food industry is characterized by a high degree of rivalry. This arises from the large number of players in the industry. The large number of competitors has made switching cost to be low. As a result, firms in this industry are required to be very efficient in developing their competitive advantage. One of the core sources of competitive advantage for these firms is their ability to provide unique and quality service. This is due to the fact that customers associate their satisfaction with the value and the experience attained (Vequist et al 34). In an effort to cope with industry rivalry, the large firms such as KFC, Hardees and McDonalds try to differentiate their products so as to attain a high competitive edge. Over the years it has been in operation, KFC has managed to develop a competitive advantage with in offering its food products. Its products are unique which makes it difficult for competitors to imitate. The firm primarily deals with chicken pieces, sandwiches, salads and wraps (Crest 1). However, its core focus is fried chicken. The firm offers a wide range of chicken products. In order to be successful in the international market, the firm customizes its products to the local market. As a result, KFC is able to meet the local customers’ tastes and preferences. However, the eleven herbs and spices which make its products unique remain universal. Its effectiveness in maintenance of unique and diverse fast food products has contributed towards the firm developing customer loyalty.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To be effective, KFC has incorporated the ‘Food, Fun and Festivity’ concept. This enables the firm to offer diverse food products with chicken being the main meal. KFC’s value chain analysis According to Sekhar (115), value chain entails a number of activities undertaken by a firm in an effort to ensure that it delivers high quality products and services. This means that the probability of the firm attaining its profit objective is increased. In an effort to achieve this, KFC has integrated a comprehensive value chain which is composed of both primary and support activities as discussed below. Inbound activities The firm procures high quality materials from local firms. The procurement process is relatively simple. To ensure efficiency in its operation, KFC has incorporated an effective inventory control mechanism in all its outlets around the world. This has been achieved through implementation of an efficient information communication technology. Examples of te chnologies integrated in its inventory system include the VPN and ADSL. Through these technologies, it has been possible for the firm to manage raw material usage. In addition, inventory control ensures timely replenishment of the stock (FRSVISION para. 1-3). Operations These entail activities which are aimed at transforming inputs into final goods and services (Sekhar 116). To ensure that its products and services contribute to a high level of customer satisfaction, KFC has instituted a research and development department. The objective of RD is to enable the firm meet the customers’ requirement by understanding the existing market demand. Additionally, the firm collaborates with its suppliers in an effort to offer high quality products and services to its customers by ensuring that suppliers supply high quality raw materials. Outbound logistics These include activities aimed at ensuring efficient distribution of the finished products (Sehkar 116). KFC’s management te am has appreciated the role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in enhancing product distribution. As a result, the firm implemented the concept of e-commerce in 2007 (The Franchise Mall para. 1). This has enabled customers to undertake online ordering. To ensure that customers achieve a high value, the management team has also integrated a free delivery service. Marketing and sales These entail the various tasks aimed at satisfying the customer and also generating sales. To achieve this, the firm has incorporated continuous product improvement. KFC has been effective in marketing and sales as a result of diversifying its menu. In order to generate sales, the firm promotes its products through various mediums such as the internet. For example, the marketing of KFC Popcorn Chicken was rolled out through MSN across the United States. Since its target for this new product was the at-work audience, the campaign was rolled out during lunch hours (Plummer 23). The firm’s marketing and sales activities are also enhanced through issuing free samples such as during an individual’s birthday party. Services These are the after-sale services offered to the customer after closing a sale (Sehkar 117). To ensure delivery of high value, the firm has instituted interactive communication with the customers. After consuming its products, the consumers can be able to raise their opinion regarding the service offered. This enables the firm to make adjustments to its products based on the information received. Support services The success of KFC also arises from its experienced human capital. The firm has a human resource base of 445,000 employees. The firm has a quality assurance department which ensures procurement of high quality raw materials. This has played a significant role in ensuring food safety (KFC para. 1). To enhance its procurement process, the firm has sought the services of experts. Financial Analysis Profitability ratios Return on assets (R OA) This ratio is used to evaluate a firm’s ability in utilizing its assets to gain profits. This is achieved by comparing the firm’s profits with the assets used to generate the profit. If a firm has a relatively high ROA, it means that there is effective and efficient utilization of assets. In addition, ROA depicts a firm stability. During the 2010 financial year, KFC had a ROA of 3.97% (Bloomberg Business 1). This illustrates a relatively low ROA which means that the firm is not utilizing its assets to the maximum. Return on Equity This ratio is a measure of the shareholders equity in comparison to a firms’ net income. The ratio illustrates how effective a firm has been in reinvesting its earning so as to generate more earnings. KFC had a ROE of 11.29% during its 2010 financial year. This illustrates that the firm has been effective in reinvesting its earnings (Bloomberg Business 1). Return on capital (ROCA) ROCA shows how a firm has utilized its borrowed cap ital either equity or debt capital to generate profit. KFC had a ROCA of 7.68%. This illustrates that KFC has been effective in utilizing its capital (Bloomberg Business 1). Asset Turnover Ratios Total Asset Turnover Bloomberg Business defines this ratio as a measure of a firm’s efficiency in generating sales using its assets. During its 2010 financial year, KFC had a TOA of 1.1 times. This means that the assets were used to generate sales 1.1 times (Bloomberg Business 1). Accounts Receivables Turnover The ratio shows the average duration taken by a firm’s clients to pay their invoices. A firm with a low account turnover indicates that its clients are very efficient in settling their bills which means that the firm becomes financially stable. KFC had an account receivable turnover of 2.9 times which is relatively low indicating a high financial stability (Bloomberg Business 1). Fixed Assets Turn over The ratio compares a firm’s sales to its fixed asset. As a res ult, one is able to determine how a firm is utilizing its fixed assets. Alternatively, it may indicate that a firm has a lot of money tied in its fixed assets. A fixed asset turnover ratio of 4.9 times indicates KFC’s efficiency in utilizing its fixed assets (Bloomberg Business 1). Conclusion From the analysis, it is evident that KFC’s success has resulted from a number of sources. The firm’s internal analysis indicates that the firm has developed a number of strengths. For example, KFC has incorporated the concept of customer focus which has enhanced its commitment towards ensuring that the customers attain a high level of satisfaction. This is illustrated by the firm’s emphasis on value addition. In addition, KFC deals with a wide range of fast food products which has enabled it to address the differences in consumer tastes and preferences. The firm has also developed a core competence with regard to fried chickens. Its unique quality of fried chicken p roducts has enabled the firm to develop a high competitive advantage. In addition, the firm has a strong management team which is very effective in decision making and implementation. As a result, the firm has been effective in implementing business and corporate level strategies. Some of the business level strategy which the firm has integrated relate to product differentiation and franchising. These strategies have enhanced the firm’s competitiveness considering the fact that the industry is characterized by a high degree of rivalry. For example, the secret recipe has enabled the firm to be effective in differentiating its products hence attaining a strong market position. On the other hand; franchising has enabled KFC to expand its operations both in the domestic and the foreign market. Implementation of corporate level strategies which include product and market development has enhanced the firm’s ability to expand its market share. Both the business and corporate level strategies has contributed towards the firm’s financial stability as illustrated by the above financial ratios. Recommendations Considering the high degree of industry rivalry, it is paramount for the firm’s management team to consider the following. Diversifying its products and service offering so as to attract a large number of customers. One of the ways through which this can be achieved is by conducting a consumer market research prior to venturing into a new market. This way it will be possible for the firm to understand the customers’ product and service requirements. The firm should consider other expansion strategies such as entering into merger with potential partners. However, it is vital for the management to undertake a cultural analysis prior to entering the merger to prevent failure. Works Cited Bloomberg Business. KFC Limited. 4 Jan. 2011. 2 April 2011. Web. Burgess, Samuel. Managing information technology in small businesses: challengesà ‚  and solutions. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 2002. Print. Crest. There is fast food, then there is KFC. 3. June 2008. 2 April 2011. Web. Floyd, Callum. The great fast food challenge. 4 August 2006. 2 April 2011 Print. FRSVISION. The success stories. 3 May 2001. 2 April 2011. Web. Hitt, Michael, Ireland, Duane and Hoskisson, Robert. Strategic management:  competitiveness and globalization; concepts and cases. Mason, OH: South-Western, 2009. Print. Hoovers Incorporation. KFC Coporation. 2 Dec. 2010. 2 April 2011. Web. Kazmi, Azhar. Strategic management and business policy. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2008. Print. Plummer, Joseph. The online advertising playbook: proven strategies and tested tactics  from the advertising research foundation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007. Print. Sekhar, Satya. Business policy and strategic management. London: IK international Publisher. Slack, Trevor and Parent, Milena. Understanding sport organizations: the application of  organiz ation theory. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic, 2006. Print. Smith, Andrew. The oxford companion to American food and drink. London: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. The Franchise Mall. KFC to test online ordering. 20 June 2007. 2 April 2011. Web. Vequist, David, Jackson, Stacy, Teachout, Mark, VanderVeen, Steve and Eames, Bob.  Capstone and Experiential Class Workbook. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt, 2009. Print. Witt, Bob and Meyer, Ron. Strategy process, content, context; an international  perspective. Andover, Hampshire: Cengage Learning, 2010.Print. This report on Kentucky Fried Chicken was written and submitted by user Joaquin Black to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Brown v. Board of Education Changed Public Education for the Better

How Brown v. Board of Education Changed Public Education for the Better One of the most historical court cases, especially in terms of education, was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). This case took on segregation within school systems or the separation of white and black students within public schools. Up until this case, many states had laws establishing separate schools for white students and another for black students. This landmark case made those laws unconstitutional. The decision was handed down on May 17, 1954. It overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which had allowed states legalize segregation within schools. The chief justice in the case was Justice Earl Warren. His court’s decision was a unanimous 9-0 decision that said, â€Å"separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. The ruling essentially led the way for the civil rights movement and essentially integration across the United States. Fast Facts: Brown v. Board of Education Case Argued: December 9–11, 1952; December 7–9, 1953Decision Issued:  May 17, 1954Petitioners:  Oliver Brown, Mrs. Richard Lawton, Mrs. Sadie Emmanuel, et alRespondent:  Board of Education of Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas, et alKey Questions: Does the segregation of public education based solely on race violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?Unanimous Decision: Justices Warren, Black, Reed, Frankfurter, Douglas, Jackson, Burton, Clark, and MintonRuling: Separate but equal educational facilities, segregated on the basis of race, are inherently unequal and in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. History A class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the city of Topeka, Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas in 1951. The plaintiffs consisted of 13 parents of 20 children who attended the Topeka School District. They filed the suit hoping that the school district would change its policy of racial segregation. Each of the plaintiffs was recruited by the Topeka NAACP, led by McKinley Burnett, Charles Scott, and Lucinda Scott. Oliver L. Brown was the named plaintiff in the case. He was an African American welder, father, and assistant pastor at a local church. His team chose to use his name as part of a legal tactic to have a man’s name on the front of the suit. He was also a strategic choice because he, unlike some of the other parents, was not a single parent and, the thinking went, would appeal more strongly to a jury.   In the fall of 1951, 21 parents attempted to enroll their children in the closest school to their homes, but each was denied enrollment and told that they must enroll in the segregated school. This prompted the class action suit to be filed. At the district level, the court ruled in favor of the Topeka Board of Education saying that both schools were equal in regards to transportation, buildings, curriculum, and highly qualified teachers. The case then went on to the Supreme Court and was combined with four other similar suits from across the country. Significance Brown v. Board  entitled students to receive a quality education regardless of their racial status. It also allowed for African American teachers to teach in any public school they chose, a privilege that was not granted before the Supreme Court ruling in 1954. The ruling set the foundation for the civil rights movement and gave African American’s hope that â€Å"separate, but equal† on all fronts would be changed. Unfortunately, however, desegregation was not that easy and is a project that has not been finished, even today.

Hezbollah organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hezbollah organization - Essay Example However, various acts of attack by the Lebanese terrorist group have proved it a radical terrorist organization that is intolerant of divergent views. Indeed, it is a terrorist organization with a long history, a clear organization structure, and with strong views on religious, political, and social issues. Normally, the organization accomplishes its agenda by issuing terrorist threats or carrying out terrorist attacks at various public places (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). In this regard, this paper explores the history, structure, objectives, ideals, and targets of Hezbollah as a Lebanese terrorist organization that strikes mainly in the Middle East nations. Having been founded in 1982, Hezbollah, which is also referred to as ‘The Party of God’, is an extremist ‘Shi’a’Â  Muslim organization whose main motivation is to fight the alleged imperialism by the western countries and Israel mostly in Lebanon. In October 1997, the State Department of the U.S. branded the organization as a foreign terrorist organization (FTO) chiefly due to its refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Israeli government and Israel as a State (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). Due to the alleged oppression against the Muslim nations that the organization purports to fight for, it has since transformed into a radical revolutionist group. Although not all the Muslim and Arab nations may conform to the ideologies of this terrorist organization, the group is focused on its main objective, which is to unite all the Arab nations into forming one government in order to liberate Jerusalem and Israel by extension from alleged western impe rialism (Jewish Virtual Library, 2013). Essentially, Hezbollah, as a terrorist group, was founded in 1982 on the onset of the First Lebanon War that lasted until the years 2000. However, the Iranian Revolution played an instrumental role in defining and determining the ideologies and origins of the Hezbollah group (BBC News,

Budgeting in Health Care Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Budgeting in Health Care Organizations - Essay Example There are numerous other types of budgets such as annual statistics budget and revenue budget and they vary according to their purposes (Gapenski). These budgets can vary across different health care institutions. The reason for this is the diversity of the financial structures, organizational culture and reporting systems of organizations (Finkler and McHugh, 2008, p.171). The process by which health care organizations design and implement budget based on such organizational structure, culture and reporting system determines whether they will achieve budgeted operating margin targets. This is demonstrated in the experience of University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics (UUHC). It was found that the institution's personnel are not knowledgeable on budgeting and finance and that there is no organizational mechanism or aspect of the organizational culture that encourage the education of the staff. As a result, expenses always exceed the budget and what is worse, the extra expenditures are found to be unnecessary (Clark, 2005, p.79). Budgeting, or correct budgeting, is important because it supports the operation of the health care organization. ... lth care institutions and it needs budgeting in order to maintain positive performance and deal with problems, such as "shrinking revenues and rising expenses" (Schwieters and Harper, p.76). The benefit of budgeting is aligned with the importance of cost information. As managers and hospital personnel are informed about budgeting and cost, a sound operating budgeting process can finally be implemented in order to achieve financial health. This point was explained by the intervention introduced at UUHC in 2004 to improve budgeting results. The organization pursued an aggressive education drive for its staff about budget and finance, "offering incentives to stay within budgets, holding budget variance meetings with managers, and requesting corrective action plans from managers". The result was improved budgeting performance. The intervention model highlighted by the case of UUHC included an important tool in budgeting: variance analysis. It is a method that focuses on comparisons of ac tual results and budgeted expectations for each line in the budget of each cost center in the health care organization (Finkler, Ward and Baker, 2007, p.200). The flexible budgeting variance analysis is one of its types that is widely used in health care organizations. The methodology follows a framework of gathering information the comprehensively cover the composition of departmental expenses. This could lead UUHC, for instance, to subdivide total variance (the difference between standard prices and quantities and actual prices and quantities) into three: price, quantity and volume (Baker, 1998, p.128). Baker explained these three in detail: Price variance pertains to the proportion of the overall variance caused by the differences between actual and expected price input; Quantity

Effect of Artesunate on HT-29-AK Cancer Cells

Effect of Artesunate on HT-29-AK Cancer Cells Effect of Artesunate on HT-29-AK Cancer Cells, and its Therapeutic Implications Cancer Biology Coursework II The possible cytotoxic effect of Artesunate on the survival factors and the concentration of HT-29-AK cells over different incubation periods and its therapeutic implications. The possible cytotoxic effect of Artesunate on the survival factors and the concentration of HT-29-AK cells over different incubation periods and its therapeutic implications. Background: HT-29-AK are cancer cells, Artesunate is an antimalarial compound which could possibly be used as an anti-tumour agent. The present study attempts to confirm the incubation period most effective in decreasing the concentration of HT-29-AK cancer cells. Aim/Hypothesis: This experiment tests the effect of Artesunate on the E-Cadherin mRNA expression, VEGF-alpha and beta mRNA expression, Survivin and on caspase-3 expression. Methods: 96 well plates were used and HT-29-AK cells were incubated at different concentrations over different time periods to examine the effective concentration and incubation period. The E-Cadherin mRNA expression was measured using immunocytochemistry and the Survivin and VEGF-alpha and beta mRNA levels were also measured using methods such as qPCR and ELISA. Results: We could show that at lower concentrations and a 72 hour incubation period Artesunate killed HT-29-AK cells, and decreased E-Cadherin and VEGF-alpha and beta levels. Levels. Conclusion: The results allude to the cytotoxic effect of Artesunate and lower concentrations for 72 hour incubation periods and its effect on HT-29-AK cells with potential clinical applications. Figure 1 shows the concentration of ART on the X-axis and the percentage of control growth on the Y axis, this graph is aimed to show the effect of ART on HT-29-AK cells over varying periods of time. As the incubation time period increases the drug is becoming more cytotoxic, if the cells are incubated with the drug for longer, a lower concentration is required. The pharmacological index is 72hr>48hr>24hr, the IC50 is the concentration at which the cells need to be incubated to kill half the number of cells: 24hrs: incubating the cells over of 24 hours leads to an IC50 of 165Â µM, this alludes to the requirement for higher concentration over shorter incubation periods. The Concentration required is 100.39Â µM more than if the cells were incubated for 48hours and 150.56 Â µM more if the cells were incubated for 72 hours. 48hrs: incubating the cells over of 48 hours leads to an IC50 of 64.61Â µM, the concentration required to kill half the number of HT-29-AK cells is 100.39Â µM less if the cells were incubated for 48 hours instead of 24 hours, however the concentration required to kill half the number of cells is 50.17Â µM more than if the cells were incubated for 72 hours instead of 48 hours. 72hrs: incubating the cells over of 72 hours leads to an IC50 of 14.44Â µM, the concentration required to kill half the number of cells over 72 hours is 150.56Â µM less than incubation for 24hours, and 50.17Â µM less than incubation for 48 hours. Figure A and B shows the relative E-cadherin mRNA levels at different ART concentration incubated at 24 hours(Left) and 72 hours(right). Relative E-Cad mRNA levels at 24 hours Control: The control showed a relative E-Cad mRNA level of 1, at a concentration of 82.53Â µM The concentration at 82.53Â µM showed a relative E-cad mRNA level of approximately 1.1, this relative expression is 0.1 more than the controls relative expression, the relative expression of E-cad mRNA levels at 82.53Â µM was 0.9 less than the relative expression of E-Cad mRNA at 165.06Â µM and 1.8 less than the relative expression of E-cad mRNA at 330.12Â µM. The concentration at 165.06Â µM, showed a relative E-cad mRNA level of approximately 1.9, which was 0.8 more than the expression at 82.53Â µM and 1.0 less than the expression at 330.12 Â µM. the concentration at 330.12Â µM, showed a relative E-cad mRNA level of approximately 2.9, an increase of 1.8 is observed compared to the ART concentration of 82.53Â µM and an increase of 1.0 is observed compared to the ART concentration of 165.06Â µM. Relative E-Cad mRNA levels at 72 hours Control: The control showed a relative E-Cad mRNA level of 1, at a concentration of 82.53Â µM The concentration at 7.22Â µM showed a relative E-cad mRNA level of approximately 0.4, this relative expression is 0.6 less than the controls relative expression, the relative expression of E-cad mRNA levels at 14.44Â µM equal to the relative expression of E-Cad mRNA at 7.22Â µM and 0.01 less than the relative expression of E-cad mRNA at 28.88Â µM. The concentration at 28.88Â µM, showed a relative E-cad mRNA level of approximately 0.41, which was 0.01 more than the expression at 7.22 Â µM and 14.44Â µM Figure C shows the level of staining of adhesion molecules At 24 hours the control showed the least amount of staining compared to the ART concentrations at 82.53Â µM, 165.06Â µM and 330.12Â µM. At a concentration of 82.53Â µM there is an increase in staining compared to the control but there is less staining compared to 165.06 and 330.12Â µM concentrations. At an ART concentration of 165.06 Â µM more staining is observed compared to the control and at 82.53 Â µM however less staining is observed compared to 330.12Â µM. At the final ART concentration 330.12 Â µM an increase in staining is observed compared to the control, 82.53Â µM, and 165.06Â µM. At 72 hours the control showed the most amount of staining compared to the ART concentrations at 7.22Â µM, 14.44Â µM and 28.88Â µM. At a concentration of 7.22Â µM there is a decrease in staining compared to the control but there is more staining compared to 14.44Â µM and 28.88Â µM concentration. At an ART concentration of 14.44Â µM less staining is observed compared to the control and at 82.53Â µM however more staining is observed compared to 28.88Â µM. At the final ART concentration 28.88Â µM a decrease in staining is observed compared to the control, 7.22Â µM and 14.44Â µM. Figure A and B show the relative VEGF-alpha and beta mRNA levels at different ART concentrations. Control: The control concentration showed the same relative mRNA levels for both VEGF- alpha and beta which was a level of 1. 7.22Â µM: the relative VEGF- alpha concentration was approximately 0.62, and the VEGF- beta concentration was 0.39, this means that at a concentration of 7.22Â µM, 0.23 Â µM more of VEGF-alpha mRNA levels is expressed compared to VEGF-beta mRNA levels. 14.44Â µM: the relative VEGF- alpha concentration was approximately 0.64, and the VEGF- beta concentration was 0.35, this means that at a concentration of 14.44Â µM, 0.19 Â µM more of VEGF-alpha mRNA levels is expressed compared to VEGF-beta mRNA levels. 28.88Â µM: the relative VEGF- alpha concentration was approximately 0.61, and the VEGF- beta concentration was 0.05, this means that at a concentration of 28.88Â µM, 0.56 Â µM more of VEGF-alpha mRNA levels is expressed compared to VEGF-beta mRNA levels. The control showed a relative survivin mRNA level of 2, an ART concentration of 7.22Â µM showed a mRNA survivin expression of approximately 4 which is 2 more than the control. At an ART concentration of 14.44 Â µM a relative mRNA expression of 13 is observed, an mRNA expression of 9 more than at 7.22 Â µM and 13 less than 28.88Â µM. At an ART concentration of 28.88Â µM a relative mRNA Survivin expression of 26 is observed, this level of expression is 13 more than at 14.44Â µM and 22 more than at 7.22Â µM. these results show that Survivin which is an inhibitor of apoptosis is inhibited over a 72 hour incubation period and a concentration of 7.22Â µM. The control showed a % cleaved caspase 3 level of 100, an ART concentration of 7.22Â µM relative to the control showed 300% cleaved caspase-3 level which is 200% more than the control. At an ART concentration of 14.44 Â µM a relative to the control 320% cleaved caspase-3 levels was observed, which is 20% more than at 7.22 Â µM and 5% less than 28.88Â µM. At an ART concentration of 28.88Â µM the percentage of cleaved caspase-3 relative to the control was 325%, this level of expression is 5% more than at 14.44Â µM and 25% more than at 7.22Â µM. 4. Discussion Jiang W et al experimented with Artesunate on osteosarcoma cells, Artesunate was combined with another compound called allicin, which was derived mainly from garlic. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the synergistic effects of the combined therapy. The results of this experiment showed a decrease in concentration of osteosarcoma cells, a decrease in invasion, motility, and the colony formation of these cells, this occurred due to an increase in Caspase3/9 expression when combined. In Prof Olivera’s experiment the methods only included Artesunate and the cleaved caspase activity were all similar at different concentrations, the difference in methodology is apparent because two compounds was used in Jiang W et al’s study while only one was used in Prof Oliviera’s study. Liu Y et al also used a combination therapy to investigate the cytotoxic effect, triptolide and Artesunate was used to inhibit the pancreatic cell line growth by inducing apoptosis, the experiment also showed a production of heat shock proteins which produce synergic effects. Similar to Prof Oliviera’s experiment Artesunate has a cytotoxic effect, however the similarity between these two experiments is that the combination therapy used in Liu Y et al and the single therapy used in Prof Oliviera’s study both were more effective in lower concentrations of Artesunate these allude to potential clinical applications. Dong HY et al experimented the effects of Artesunate on breast cancer using tumour transplanted nude mice, cyclophosphamide or normal saline was used in combination with Artesunate and the results showed ART inhibiting the growth of the MCF-7 cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle. In conclusion the findings of Prof Oliviera’s study is as follows: Over a longer incubation period a lower concentration of Artesunate is required to kill half of the cancer cells. Over 72 hours less Artesunate is reuired to reduce the relative mRNA levels. And less staining of adhesion molecules is observed over 72 hours as the concentration increases. ART over 72 hours has a greater effect on decreasing the expression of VEGF-beta compared to VEGF-alpha. Over 72 hours the higher the concentration of ART the increase in relative survivin mRNA levels. The percentage of cleaved caspase-3 levels relative to the control increases as the concentration of ART increases. References Dong HY et al, ‘Antitumour effects of Artesunate on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells and IGF-IR expression in nude mice xenografts’, 2014 Liu Y et al, ‘Synergism of cytotoxicity effects of triptolide and Artesunate combination treatment in pancreatic cancer cell lines’, 2013 Jiang W et al, ‘The synergistic anticancer effect of Artesunate combined with allicin in osteosarcoma cell line in vitro and in vivo’, 2013

Case Study “Ebay in China” Essay

EBay first entered the Chinese market in 2002 by acquiring a 33% stake in its local counterpart, EachNet, followed by a full acquisition a year later in 2003. Critically assess eBay.s choice of market entry strategy for China, listing both the advantages and disadvantages of its acquisition strategy. As we know, eBay’s China expansion strategy can be considered as failure, despite the fact that eBay entered this potentially rewarding market with caution. This cautious strategy was very unusual for eBay, because they used full-forced, head-on, .be-first-or-nothing. strategy in other markets, for various reasons, it would be impossible to implement this strategy when penetrating Chinese market. So acquiring an already comparatively recognizable and well established brand seemed to be the best way to continue eBay’s expansion in Asia. Without a doubt, Each Net was the best candidate for acquisition at the time. When eBay acquired 33% shares of Each Net in 2002, it seemed to be hugely successful, because in year 2003 the value of Each Net had doubled and market share had rocketed to 85% – this initial success encouraged full acquisition of Each Net. As we know, the success did not turn out to be long-lasting, despite the fact that in first few years the performance of the company was brilliant. While acquisition of Each Net meant many advantages for eBay, it also implied serious disadvantages. Advantages of Each Net acquisition: †¢Each net had strong financial backing from large venture capital companies †¢Immense market potential – 1,23 billion Chinese language speakers all around the world †¢Rapidly increasing number of internet users in China – increasing number of potential customers †¢Each Net in essence was an imitation of eBay, adjusted to fit Chinese customer needs, but with much greater recognition in China †¢Increasing popularity of shopping online (also by using Each Net) in China. †¢Well established image of Each Net in China †¢High Each Net market share (about 50%) in year 2002 †¢Wide range of different items sold through Each Net †¢Only significant player in online auction market in China by year 2002 was Each Net Disadvantages of Each Net acquisition: †¢Cultural differences and buying habits of Chinese. †¢Huge investments required †¢Unpredictability of the fast-changing Chinese market – huge risks †¢Emerging competitors – TaoBao (Alibaba subsidiary), which outcompeted eBay Each Net in future, by better adjusting to Chinese customer needs and buying habits †¢Alibaba had more established presence in China and much better knowledge of Chinese customers – reason for increasing lack of consumer trust in eBay Each Net in future †¢Each Net failed to create customer trust in future, while TaoBao succeeded †¢Chinese refusal of adopting traditional eBay practices (Pay Pal etc.) †¢Lack of interaction possibilities between buyer and seller, provided by eBay Each Net – important for Chinese, TaoBao was much better in this aspect †¢Comparatively poor customer service In conclusion, this acquisition, which was probably the right step by eBay, turned out to be failure, despite the fact, that at first it seemed to be a huge success. In my opinion it is because eBay’s management was so overwhelmed with the initial success, that they lost caution – they were very conscious at beginning but failed to adjust to customer needs, they did not pay enough attention to them, which led to eBay Each Net to situation where they were outcompeted by TaoBao in Chinese market. Question 2 Assess the potential benefits and risks of eBay’s joint venture with Tom Online. In an eBay’s and TOM Online formed joint venture there are some benefits as well as some risks. One of the benefits is that TOM Online is a Chinese domestic brand, which is much better for consumers of China. They mostly  like well known Chinese internet brands. TOM Online is a market leader in China in sphere of mobile value-added services and has an internet portal, which is one of the biggest and most popular in china, it means that TOM Online is a well know brand in China and is rapidly recognized in the internet. TOM Online has a good experience in cooperation with Skype and has given great results in it. This shows that TOM Online knows how to present new product in the market and how to increase its market share, which is essential for eBay at the moment. All the aspects of TOM Online show that this company has a great and efficient knowledge of Chinese market and exactly this feature is very necessary for eBay to gain good results. In addition, political connections of the TOM Online can be very helpful in Chinese market, especially in nowadays and situation in China. Risks of this joint venture are not as great as benefits, but there is a risk to loose a chance to strengthen the eBay brand, because Chinese customers will be focused on the TOM Online and EachNet. There also is a risk of loosing big amounts of money, because TOM Online has a 2% bigger ownership, but in amount of money, eBay invests two times more money, however the success of the TOM EachNet depends more on TOM Online. There also can be assessed as a risk point, that TOM Online is focused on mobile value-added services and their target audience is generally young consumers, but eBay target audience is a little older. Question 3 eBay will have a 49% stake in the new joint venture while Tom Online will have 51% ownership. Critically assess both companies’ decisions on their respective percentage of stake In our opinion E-Bay’s decision to joint venture with TOM Online was a great success. Although E-Bay is a giant and successful company in US and has successfully expanded worldwide, China is a â€Å"Hard-Nut† for them. China’s cultural differences and moral values lead them to face some difficulties in setting up eBay business. Chinese people still trust their own companies more and respect them. TOM Online is a successful company with a good reputation and has already gained trust of millions of customers. Their activity area is also not far from eBay’s – mainly internet and other IT services, and mobile entertainment. TOM Online was also expanding rapidly and cooperating with various influential companies as for example Skype. But lately they also had a decrease in revenues so joint venture also was an opportunity for them. That way they widened their service range and that meant new opportunities. Why eBay 49% ownership and 51% to TOM Online? Why then eBay still invests more? And why the term ‘eBay’’ disappears from the name of this joint venture – â€Å"TOM Eachnet†. We think that that is quite obvious. There are several factors which explain this situation. As we already know the Chinese culture is very different and trust and respect are very substantial terms. So by erasing the US brand name from the joint venture name people would trust it more. Moreover both TOM and Each net are known as local brands. In this joint venture TOM invests US$20 million and contributes its local knowledge, technology and brand value, which are much more valuable than money – this explains why eBay invests twice as more. Moreover TOM Online has very important persons among their shareholders. This joint venture would open a whole new market segment for both – eBay and also TOM Online, allowing them to fulfill and widen significantly together. They can also let eBay into â€Å"mobile world†. As we all know – China has been always very different and that is the reason why setting up a stable, successful company has been a â€Å"hard battle† for others. But it is also a huge amount of customers (almost 1, 5 billion) which then means a great revenue if succeed. eBay EachNet understood than they are too unstable and the stakes are too high, so the joint venture with TOM Online and creating TOM EachNet was the best opportunity. Question 4 Strategic recommendation on International Commercial Strategy for E-Bay Increase revenues by capturing more customers Increase of the customer base will positively contribute to increase in revenues, customer loyalty schemes may be developed further in order to ensure that more people fall into the category of loyal customers, the services could be improved in order to serve some customized customer needs, a wider advertising campaign may be carried out in order to appeal to a wider market segment, perhaps even trying to work with some niches of the market providing solutions to their problems, satisfying their needs and wants. Look into new pay system or create own (PayPal only in 38 countries) Increasing the number of ways how customers can pay for their purchases will ensure that revenues grow and that a wider appeal will be given to the company – the services will be interesting both to credit card owners, pay pal users thus ensuring that customers can choose the method in which they would like to pay for their purchase – this method will also contribute to the solution of security concerns since people will be able to choose the method they consider to be the safest one. The Company should look at acquiring shopping comparison sites and vertical search engines to drive traffic and acquire consumers. Ebay should also consider how they can compete with Myspace, facebook and youtube, because a lot of selling is made through these sites, like google adwords is giving great traffic to Ebay, it is also a rival to Ebay, it proposes other similar sites. Company could also enlarge to the mobile sphere. Make eBay available for on mobile phones and PDA’s and others. As that is one of TOM Online activity sphere, it could be easily done and there is already an available previously formed customer group, who could be also very interested in this kind of service.

Of Mice and Men Assignment Essay

Q. With reference to chapter four, what do you learn about prejudice and injustice in 1930’s America? â€Å"Of Mice and Men† was set around the 1930’s in California, America; where at the time of this classic novel was located. The New York Wall Street stock market had hit an all time low which led to and helped contribute to â€Å"The Great Depression†. Unemployment had hit and harsh poverty too had meant that migrant workers travelled to California in search of work. As the paragraph continues, we learn that the living conditions and working conditions were very poor. Workers couldn’t do their jobs properly and were always worried about being â€Å"canned as they say†. Living conditions weren’t very good either; the ranches were very dirty, compact etc. I believe that Steinbeck wrote this novel because of his past experiences. He was a labourer, he worked very hard, the characters in this book can relate to Steinbeck himself, he wanted to express his views for everyone to see. Also, you can really tell that in Steinbeck’s opinion he is in favour of the workers in this novel. He being a labourer sways his views as in favour of the workers; you can tell he really thought â€Å"The Great Depression† was an awful experience to be involved in. When you see what his characters are saying, they reveal his feelings and thoughts, give good and bad memories, only inside a book. As we are in chapter four, we learn many things about some of the main characters. At the very beginning, we learn about the relationship of some of the characters with each other. The scene is set in Crook’s room, many of the men have gone to the cathouse which is basically a ‘whore house; most of the men have gone but Crooks, Lennie, Candy and Curleys wife have not gone. The most probable reason for this is due to the fact that Crooks, is a black stable buck and also an outsider, Lennie was told not to go by George, Candy is a very old man and Curley’s wife is a woman. Even though Lennie doesn’t really understand, he stumbles across Crooks room and decides to go in. Lennie really sets this chapter alight; he breaks off the divide between black and white and wants to make friends with Crooks: â€Å"Lennie smiled helplessly in an attempt to make friends†. Despite not knowing he is doing it, he is helping out a divide of people and bringing it together. He is such an interesting character but he wouldn’t really know that he is so different to the other characters. â€Å"Noiselessly Lennie appeared in the open doorway and stood there looking in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  no one else in the bunkhouse would have had the guts to enter Crooks’s room although Lennie didn’t really know he wasn’t supposed to. Lennie does quite the opposite to the others, which makes him so astonishing. A major part in this chapter shows how the other characters act when he is around. His actions and works influence others to bring back memories of their childhoods and really open up to him. k†I was born right here in California. My old man had a chicken ranch†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is one example of Crooks opening up to Lennie as he would do to no other person. The characters relax more with Lennie in reflection of this chapter. One more interesting thing in this section of the book is the way Lennie is and is not affected by prejudice and injustice. At one part, he is affected by prejudice and injustice as he witnesses it happening and is picked on by others; â€Å"Listen Nigger, you know what I can do to you if you open your trap?† This shows prejudice and injustice around him towards Crooks. On the other hand, he is not affected by it as he has George to protect him from it and also doesn’t really understand what it is. A vast part of prejudice and injustice in his book is the way Crooks is treated. Crooks is a middle aged black man who has had to work hard all of his life. Sadly, his role on the ranch is an unfortunate one. He is not allowed in the bunkhouse at all, or play games with the other members or be with them at certain times. He lives way out of the way of everyone else in a small room and spends most of his time there. This really shows how black men were treated in this period of time. Luckily, Crooks is not treated as badly as he could have been. He has an education and can read and write which can and also cannot help him at times. For instance, he can understand what others are saying about him, which is not very good. They don’t like him because of the colour of his skin. â€Å"Listen Nigger.† This shows the colour of his skin being used against him by Curley’s wife. As Lennie enters the room, Crooks does not really want him to come in, â€Å"You got no right to come into my room.† Soon after, they get into conversation and are soon talking normally after opening up to each other like friends would. When Candy enters, he tells him he might as well come in as ‘everyone else’ is. Soon, he joins in conversation too. Not until Curley’s wife enters though, do we see a change in Crooks. He doesn’t have any power over anyone in the ranch and soon goes back into his shell. Women were not treated well either, of course, but Curley’s wife could say or do whatever she wanted to a black man, including Crooks. â€Å"You know what I can do to you if you open your trap?† This shows Curley’s wife overpowering Crooks and unfortunately Crooks cannot do anything about it. With Crooks being educated and able to read, he has set himself real goals. He has learned how to cope with the bullying and racism and knows what to do. By not setting his goals too high, he does not expect anything too good, therefore does not mean he is too sad about what happens to him through his lie. Another person who plays a part in giving and experiencing racism is Curley’s wife. She has certain powers compared to other women yet is still treated badly like other women. We learn that with women along with black people, had less power and were discriminated badly; therefore this shows that Curley’s wife situation was similar to most other women, they were not respected and were treated badly. The men do not really like her in reflection, the likes of George, Crooks etc. don’t really warm to her at any time. Her reaction to this is to snap at Crooks in this particular part of the book, she cannot take her anger out at anyone as she does not really have the power to apart from Crooks, so she bullies Crooks in this part, â€Å"Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I can get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny.† Curley’s wife enters Crooks room with auction, she asks a question to which she knows the answer to, so she can join them, â€Å"Any you boys seen Curley?† shows this. In this chapter, we have to feel a bit sorry for her. We see how lonely she is at this time and since she is not allowed to be with anyone else, she cannot help herself looking for companionship. The reason behind her being so bitter about her life is simple; nothing has ever really gone right for her. By marrying Curley it has not helped her at all and she really thought she would make it as a Hollywood star, however, this did not turn out to be the life that she wanted, â€Å"Think I’m gonna lead with his left twice and then bring in the ol’ right cross?† This piece shows her loneliness and her trouble which leads on to when she is told she is not wanted by the guys, she tells of her sadness and also decides to take it out on Crooks to help herself, it shows a similarity with Crooks , deprived of her rights and very lonely. Finally, the last person in this chapter to experience injustice and prejudice is Candy. A very old man, he was a typical old man who was not well liked, lonely and had a poor time of living with a bad job too. Candy, like most old men back then had a big worry of being ‘canned’ as he was not really needed. There was no pension schemes or benefits, he would have had no where to go and would have probably just died. â€Å"I planted crops for dam near everybody in this state, but they wasn’t my crops, and when I harvested them, it wasn’t none of my harvest.† This shows Candy has worked very hard but does not have much and is not appreciated. The dream to have a place with George and Lennie means so much to him as if it does not happen, he will be eventually canned and have nowhere to go, â€Å"You god dam right were gonna do it.† This shows passion for the dream ranch. In truth, Candy is very similar to the dog he had. He, like the was old, not wanted and not of much use. This is very significant as you can see how much he was appreciated by everyone; not at all. In conclusion, we learn so much about life in the 1930’s in America. We have four different accounts of people being treated unfairly and having injustice upon them. Lennie, Crooks, Curley’s wife and Crooks all experience racism in some way. Lennie is abused for being quite clumsy and slow as well as being big, Crooks was racially abused for being old and black, Curley’s wife is not liked because she is a woman and Candy is abused for being an old man. As you can see, there is not ethnic minority groups that escaped being abused; 1930’s America was a racist and prejudice place to be. The writer Steinbeck is really sending a strong message out to the readers here. He tries to tell us all about how life could be if you were in a minority group. He repeats certain phrases and words to show enthusiasm of how bad it really was. All of his characters have strong points of view towards one another and really act as if they were real people. Basically, John Steinbeck shows that racism and injustice were strong in the 1930’s and whoever you were, you could not really avoid it. Steinbeck gets this message across very well to the readers, by showing the characters different attitudes towards each other; most of the time there were not very pleasant. Whether you were black or white, male, female, disabled or anything else, you had a very good chance of either giving or being racially abused in America in the 1930’s.